RelicRELIC
The Relic blog

Notes on memory, privacy, and everything you copy.

Plain-English writing on clipboard security, privacy, and getting more out of the things you copy. From the team building Relic, the encrypted memory for everything you copy.

Topics
Clipboard security & privacy Copy and paste, explained Your clipboard, explained Fixing copy and paste Copying text from images and PDFs Copy and paste across devices Note-taking and second brain Developer copy and paste Writing by the numbers Developer cheat sheets Shipping better code AI on your machine
Latest

How many pages is 1000 words?

1000 words is two pages single-spaced or four double-spaced in a standard 12-point font. The full word-to-page conversion table from 250 to 10,000 words, and the settings that move the count.

July 10, 2026 7 min read
Writing by the numbers·6 min

How many words in a paragraph?

There is no fixed number, but a useful range: 100 to 200 words for essays, 40 to 80 for the web. Why context rules the length, and how to break paragraphs on ideas instead of counts.

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Writing by the numbers·7 min

Transition words list

A transition words list sorted by the job each one does, from addition to conclusion, plus guidance on using them without sounding mechanical and which words read as stiff.

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Note-taking and second brain·7 min

Meeting notes templates that capture decisions and owners

Four meeting notes templates you can copy and paste into any app: a general sync, a one-on-one, a decision log, and a standup. Each one puts decisions and owners front and center.

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Note-taking and second brain·7 min

A daily journal template that actually gets used

Journals die because a blank page asks too much. Three copyable daily journal templates that hand you prompts instead of an empty box, plus the habit mechanics that make one stick.

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Note-taking and second brain·8 min

How to take notes from a textbook

Copying and highlighting a textbook barely helps. A method that produces notes you remember: survey first, read before you write, use a Cornell layout, and rephrase in your own words.

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Developer cheat sheets·Pillar·9 min

Regex cheat sheet

The regex pieces you actually reach for, character classes through lookarounds, with the flavor differences that bite you and a handful of patterns worth saving.

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Developer cheat sheets·8 min

JSONPath examples

JSONPath is XPath for JSON. One small store document, threaded through wildcards, slices, filters and recursive descent, with the honest note on how implementations vary.

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Developer cheat sheets·8 min

jq cheat sheet

jq is sed for JSON. The filters you use most, built up against one API response so every command has a visible result, from map and select to group_by and raw output.

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Developer cheat sheets·8 min

wget vs curl: what is the difference?

wget and curl both fetch over HTTP, and there the resemblance ends. One is a recursive downloader, the other a protocol swiss army knife. What each is genuinely better at.

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Developer cheat sheets·8 min

Subnet cheat sheet

The prefix length tells you how many addresses a block holds and how many you can assign. The full /8 to /32 table, the reserved ranges, and the math to find a network and broadcast by hand.

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Developer cheat sheets·7 min

Port numbers list

The ports people actually look up, grouped by use, each with the protocol that matters and what runs there. Web, mail, file and shell, databases, infrastructure, and local dev ports.

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Developer cheat sheets·8 min

Ed25519 vs RSA

For a new SSH or signing key, Ed25519 is the better default: smaller, faster, and harder to misconfigure. When RSA is still the right call, and the commands to generate each.

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Developer cheat sheets·7 min

TOML vs YAML

TOML aims to be obvious and minimal; YAML serializes any data a human can read. The same config in both, YAML's sharp edges stated accurately, and where each one won.

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Shipping better code·Pillar·9 min

Conventional Commits, explained accurately

A small, strict format for commit messages that both people and tools can read. The spec accurately, why feat means MINOR and fix means PATCH, and how to adopt it without the process turning sour.

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Shipping better code·9 min

Semantic versioning (SemVer), explained

The MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH scheme behind almost every package you install. What bumps what, the odd 0.x rules, version ranges in npm and pip, and the one promise SemVer quietly cannot keep.

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Shipping better code·8 min

A pull request template you can copy today

A Markdown file your host pre-fills into every new PR. Three templates to copy, where the file lives on GitHub and GitLab, and what separates a checklist people use from one they delete.

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Shipping better code·7 min

A README template that people actually read

The front door of a project, and most visitors decide within the first screen. A copyable README skeleton that leads with the quick start, plus the reasoning and a minimal variant.

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AI on your machine·Pillar·10 min

Ollama models: how to choose and run them

Ollama runs language models on your own hardware with almost one command. The catch is picking one your machine can hold. How to read a model listing, do the RAM math, and run it.

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AI on your machine·9 min

The best local LLM depends on your hardware

The best local LLM is the smallest one that does your task and fits your memory. A buyer's guide organized by hardware tier and task, with honest evaluation advice.

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AI on your machine·8 min

Claude Code vs Cursor: an even-handed comparison

Claude Code is a terminal agent you delegate tasks to; Cursor is an AI-first editor you stay inside. A fair comparison of form factor, interaction and where each one shines.

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AI on your machine·8 min

Prompt injection examples, explained for defenders

Prompt injection turns untrusted data into instructions a model obeys. The categories of prompt injection examples, why they work, and how to defend without pretending it is solved.

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Copy and paste across devices·8 min

Pastebin alternatives, by what you actually need

Pastebin is fast, but its default is public, and public means scraped. The right alternative depends on what you are protecting: reusable code, a one-time secret, or a paste that vanishes on its own.

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Copy and paste, explained·7 min

How to copy formatting in Word

Copying formatting in Word copies the look of text without the words. The two ways to do it, the Format Painter and a keyboard shortcut almost nobody uses, plus when named styles beat both.

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Developer copy and paste·7 min

How to copy in cmd, accurately

Copying in the Windows command line is not like copying anywhere else, because Ctrl+C already cancels commands there. The classic cmd window, Windows Terminal, and the clip piping tricks.

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Clipboard security & privacy·Pillar·9 min

Is your clipboard a security risk?

Everything you copy lands in one shared slot of memory that other apps, and even web pages, can quietly read. What the clipboard exposes, and how to take the risk seriously without becoming paranoid.

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Clipboard security & privacy·7 min

Can websites read your clipboard?

A web page can read your clipboard, but only under rules the browser enforces. Exactly when a site can see what you copied, where the rules have gaps, and how to protect yourself.

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Clipboard security & privacy·7 min

Is it safe to copy and paste passwords?

Pasting a password is convenient and your password manager relies on it. But the clipboard is shared memory with a short, leaky life. When copying a password is fine, and when it bites you.

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Clipboard security & privacy·8 min

What is end-to-end encryption, in plain English

End-to-end encryption gets thrown around in marketing, but the idea is simple: only you hold the key, so nobody in the middle can read your data. How it actually works, minus the jargon.

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Clipboard security & privacy·8 min

How to keep your clipboard private

You cannot turn the clipboard off, but you can control what lands there, how long it lingers, and who can read it. A practical checklist for Windows, Mac, Android and iPhone.

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Copy and paste, explained·Pillar·9 min

How to copy and paste on any device

The same two steps work everywhere once you know the shortcut for your device. Copy and paste on Windows, Mac, Chromebook, iPhone, Android and tablets, by keyboard, mouse or touch.

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Copy and paste, explained·7 min

How to copy and paste on a Chromebook

Chromebooks handle copy and paste a little differently from Windows or Mac. The keyboard shortcuts, the two-finger touchpad tap, and pasting as plain text.

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Copy and paste, explained·7 min

How to copy and paste on a Mac

The Mac uses Command, not Control, which trips up a lot of switchers. Copy and paste on macOS by keyboard, mouse and trackpad, plus paste without formatting.

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Copy and paste, explained·7 min

How to copy and paste on a laptop

Every laptop copies and pastes the same few ways, by keyboard or trackpad. The shortcuts for Windows and Mac laptops, including how to manage without a mouse.

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Copy and paste, explained·6 min

How to copy and paste on an iPhone

iPhone copy and paste runs on taps and gestures instead of a keyboard. Copying text, links and images, plus the three-finger shortcuts most people never learn.

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Copy and paste, explained·6 min

How to copy and paste on Android

Android copy and paste lives behind a tap and hold, with a clipboard tucked inside the keyboard. Copying text and links, and finding what you copied earlier.

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Copy and paste, explained·6 min

How to copy and paste in Google Docs

Google Docs has its own quirks around pasted formatting and the web clipboard prompt. Copying and pasting cleanly on desktop and mobile, plain-text paste included.

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Copy and paste, explained·7 min

Copy and paste keyboard shortcuts

Copy, cut, paste and paste-as-plain-text, on both Windows and Mac, in one place. Learn the handful of keyboard shortcuts that let you copy and paste without reaching for the mouse.

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Copy and paste, explained·6 min

How to paste without formatting

Pasted text often drags its old fonts and colors with it. Pasting as plain text in Windows, Mac, Google Docs, Word and Excel, with the shortcut for each.

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Your clipboard, explained·Pillar·8 min

Your clipboard, explained: where it is and how it works

Every copy you make lands in the clipboard, a small piece of memory you cannot really see. What it is, how it works, and why it usually holds one item at a time.

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Your clipboard, explained·6 min

Where is the clipboard on Android (and Samsung)?

Android keeps the clipboard inside the keyboard rather than its own app, which is why it is so hard to find. Where it lives on Samsung and Gboard, opening it step by step.

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Your clipboard, explained·6 min

Where is the clipboard on iPhone?

iPhone has a clipboard, but no place to view it, and it only holds the last thing you copied. Checking what is on it, and keeping more than one item around.

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Your clipboard, explained·7 min

How to access your clipboard history

Most devices quietly limit you to a single copy, but some keep a short history. Opening clipboard history on Windows, Android and iPhone, plus the Mac workaround.

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Your clipboard, explained·6 min

How to clear your clipboard

Whatever you copied last sits in the clipboard until something replaces it, which is a problem for passwords. Clearing it on Windows, Mac, Android and iPhone.

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Fixing copy and paste·Pillar·8 min

Copy and paste not working? How to fix it

When copy and paste stops working, the cause is almost always a small, fixable glitch. The fixes that work, in order, for Windows, Mac, browsers and Office.

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Fixing copy and paste·6 min

Copy and paste not working on Windows 11

Windows 11 has a few specific culprits when copy and paste dies, from the rdpclip process to clipboard history. The fixes, in the order most likely to work.

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Fixing copy and paste·6 min

Copy and paste not working on a Mac

A Mac that will not paste usually has a stuck pboard process behind it. Restarting it from Activity Monitor or Terminal, and the other fixes worth trying first.

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Fixing copy and paste·6 min

Copy and paste not working in Excel

Excel breaks copy and paste in its own special ways, from rogue add-ins to merged cells. Fixing each one, and knowing when paste special is the answer.

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Fixing copy and paste·6 min

Ctrl C and Ctrl V not working

When Ctrl C and Ctrl V go dead, the usual culprit is the keyboard itself or a background app hogging the shortcut. Tracking down the cause and fixing it.

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Copying text from images and PDFs·Pillar·8 min

How to copy text from an image, screenshot or PDF

Text trapped in a picture or a flattened PDF is not really stuck. Optical character recognition can lift it out on any device, including scans that refuse to select.

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Copying text from images and PDFs·6 min

How to copy text from a PDF

A normal PDF lets you select and copy like any document. A scanned or locked one needs a different approach. Both kinds handled, on desktop and phone.

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Copying text from images and PDFs·6 min

How to copy text from a picture

Your phone can already read the words inside a photo, you just have to know where to tap. Copying text from a picture on iPhone, Android, Windows and Mac.

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Copying text from images and PDFs·6 min

How to copy text from a scanned or locked PDF

A scanned PDF is really a photo of a page, and a locked one blocks copy on purpose. Pulling the text out of each, using OCR and a couple of safe workarounds.

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Copying text from images and PDFs·5 min

How to extract text from a screenshot

A screenshot looks like a dead end if you need the words inside it, but it is not. Extracting text from a screenshot on every device, and copying it out.

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Copy and paste across devices·Pillar·8 min

How to copy and paste between your phone and computer

You copy a link on your phone and want it on your laptop, or the other way around. The real ways to move text between phone and computer, on every platform pairing.

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Copy and paste across devices·6 min

How to send a link from your phone to your computer

Getting a single link from your phone to your computer should take seconds. The quickest methods on iPhone and Android, and the reliable fallback when they fail.

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Copy and paste across devices·6 min

Universal Clipboard not working

Universal Clipboard relies on a stack of settings all being right at once, so one wrong toggle breaks it. A checklist to fix copy and paste between Mac and iPhone.

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Copy and paste across devices·6 min

Pushbullet alternatives for sharing text and links

Pushbullet pioneered sending links and text between devices, but it is no longer the only good option. The best alternatives, including free and privacy-first picks.

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Copy and paste across devices·6 min

Remote Desktop copy and paste not working

Copy and paste dropping out over Remote Desktop almost always comes down to clipboard redirection or a stuck rdpclip process. Fixes for RDP, Citrix and VMware.

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Copy and paste across devices·5 min

How to AirDrop a link

AirDrop is the fastest way to move a link between Apple devices once you know where the share button hides. Sharing a webpage, and fixing AirDrop when it will not connect.

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Note-taking and second brain·Pillar·9 min

How to take better notes

Capturing less and reviewing what you keep beats writing everything down. The note-taking methods that hold up for work, reading and study.

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Note-taking and second brain·7 min

What is a commonplace book?

Long before note apps, people kept a commonplace book: one place to collect the quotes and ideas they wanted to keep. What it is, and how to keep one now.

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Note-taking and second brain·7 min

The best note-taking methods, compared

There is no single best way to take notes, only the right method for the task. The proven ones, from Cornell to Zettelkasten, and when each actually helps.

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Note-taking and second brain·7 min

How to remember what you read

Reading more does not help if it all leaks away by next week. Remembering what you read takes active recall and a light system for saving what matters.

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Note-taking and second brain·6 min

What is a second brain?

A second brain is just a reliable home for the ideas, links and notes you would otherwise forget. What it means, and a low-effort way to start one.

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Note-taking and second brain·6 min

The PARA method, explained simply

PARA sorts everything you save into four buckets: Projects, Areas, Resources and Archives. How it works, without turning setup into a second job.

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Note-taking and second brain·6 min

What is a swipe file?

A swipe file is a stash of headlines, emails and ideas worth borrowing later. Who it helps, and how to build one from the things you already copy.

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Developer copy and paste·Pillar·8 min

How to copy and paste in the terminal

Ctrl C cancels a command in the terminal, so copy and paste works differently there. Getting it right in Windows Terminal, macOS, Linux, tmux, Vim and over SSH.

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Developer copy and paste·7 min

What is a UUID?

A UUID is a 128-bit value designed to be unique without any central authority handing it out. What they are, how the versions differ, and when to reach for one.

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Developer copy and paste·7 min

What is a JWT token?

A JWT packs a user's identity into a signed, self-contained token. What the three parts hold, how the signature works, and what a JWT does and does not protect.

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Developer copy and paste·7 min

What is a hash function?

A hash function squeezes any input into a short, fixed fingerprint you cannot reverse. What hashing is, how it differs from encryption, and where it shows up.

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Developer copy and paste·6 min

What is Base64 encoding?

Base64 rewrites binary data as plain text so it survives systems that only expect text. What it does, why it is not encryption, and where you will meet it.

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Developer copy and paste·5 min

How to copy a file path

Copying a file's full path is a two-second job once you know the shortcut. The menu trick, keyboard method and terminal command, on both Windows and Mac.

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Developer copy and paste·6 min

Hashing vs encryption: what is the difference?

Hashing and encryption sound interchangeable but solve opposite problems: one is one-way, the other is meant to be undone. The difference, and why it matters.

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Clipboard security & privacy·7 min

What is personally identifiable information (PII)?

PII is any information that can be traced back to you, and it is broader than most people think. What counts, what makes some of it sensitive, and how to keep it safe.

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Clipboard security & privacy·7 min

What is AES encryption?

AES is the encryption behind most of the secure data you touch daily, yet few people know what it is. How it works, what AES-256 means, and how secure it really is.

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Clipboard security & privacy·6 min

What is zero-knowledge encryption?

Zero-knowledge means the company storing your data genuinely cannot read it, because your key never reaches them. How it works, and the one real trade-off it carries.

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Clipboard security & privacy·6 min

How to send a password securely

Sending a password by email or chat leaves it sitting in inboxes forever. Sharing one safely with a one-time link or a password manager, and what never to do.

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